Psychology (PSYC)

PSYC 500  Personality  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Admission to the Graduate School. Consideration of current conceptualizations of the normal personality with emphasis on methods of measurement, experimental findings and research techniques. (Formerly 3750:500)
  
PSYC 510  Psychological Tests & Measurements  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Admission to the Graduate School. Consideration of the nature, construction and use of tests and measurements in industry, government and education. Includes aptitude and achievement tests, rating scales, attitude and opinion analysis. (Formerly 3750:510)
  
PSYC 520  Abnormal Psychology  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Admission to the Graduate School. Survey of syndromes, etiology, diagnoses and treatments of major psychological conditions ranging from transient maladjustments to psychoses. (Formerly 3750:520)
  
PSYC 530  Psychological Disorders of Children  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Admission to the Graduate School. Survey of syndromes, etiologies and treatments of behavioral disorders in children from the standpoint of developmental psychology. Behavioral data and treatment approaches emphasized. (Formerly 3750:530)
  
PSYC 543  Human Resource Management  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Admission to the Graduate School. The application of psychological theory to the effective management of human resources in an organization, including recruitment, selection, and retention of personnel. (Formerly 3750:543)
  
PSYC 544  Organizational Theory  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Admission to the Graduate School. The application of psychological theory to macro-level processes in organizations including leadership, motivation, task performance, organizational theories and development. (Formerly 3750:544)
  
PSYC 545  Psychology of Small Group Behavior  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Admission to the Graduate School. Intensive investigation of factors affecting behavior and performance in small groups including effects of personality, social structures, task, situation and social-cognitive variables. (Formerly 3750:545)
  
PSYC 550  Cognitive Development  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Admission to the Graduate School. Theory and research on life-span changes in cognitive processes including concept formation/categorization, information processing and Piagetian assessment tasks. (Formerly 3750:550)
  
PSYC 560  History of Psychology  (3 Units)  
Prerequisite: Admission to the Graduate School. Psychology in pre-scientific period and details of developmental or systematic viewpoints in 19th and 20th Centuries. (Formerly 3750:560)
  
PSYC 601  Psychological Research using Quantitative & Computer Methods I  (4 Units)  
Sequential prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology or the collaborative doctoral program in counseling psychology or special nondegree students with permission. Psychological research problem applying quantitative and computer methods. Topics include research design, sampling, controls, threats to validity, hypotheses testing, psychological measurement, error, robustness and power. (Formerly 3750:601)
  
PSYC 602  Psychological Research using Quantitative & Computer Methods II  (4 Units)  
Sequential. Prerequisite: PSYC:601 and graduate standing in psychology or the collaborative doctoral program in counseling psychology or special nondegree students with permission. Psychological research problem applying quantitative and computer methods. Topics include research design, sampling, controls, threats to validity, hypotheses testing, psychological measurement, error, robustness and power. (Formerly 3750:602)
  
PSYC 610  Core I: Social Psychology  (2 Units)  
Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology or the collaborative doctoral program in counseling psychology or permission of instructor. Introduction to empirical research and theories on the psychological processes related to interpersonal behavior, focusing on topics like attitude change, social influence, and prosocial behavior. (Formerly 3750:610)
  
PSYC 620  Core II: Cognitive Psychology  (2 Units)  
Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology or the collaborative doctoral program in counseling psychology or permission of instructor. Survey of theories, concepts, empirical phenomena, and methodologies in human cognitive psychology. Topics include attention, cognitive capacity, learning, memory, categorization, skill acquisition/expertise, and training effectiveness. (Formerly 3750:620)
  
PSYC 630  Core III: Individual Differences  (2 Units)  
Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology or the collaborative doctoral program in counseling psychology or permission of instructor. Survey of theoretical perspectives on individual differences in personality and behavior and of literature on between- and within-group cultural variables influencing personality development and assessment. (Formerly 3750:630)
  
PSYC 640  Core IV: Biopsychology  (2 Units)  
Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology or the collaborative doctoral program in counseling psychology or permission of instructor. Survey of nervous system structure/function including neuroanatomy, neuron physiology, and synaptic transmission. Also overviews biological bases of learning, memory, consciousness, intelligence, psychopharmacology, behavior genetics. (Formerly 3750:640)
  
PSYC 650  Core V: Social-Cognitive Psychology  (2 Units)  
Prerequisite: graduate standing in psychology or the collaborative doctoral program in counseling psychology or permission of instructor. Social and cognitive theory/research applied to the issue of how people understand their social experiences. Topics include: person perception, attribution, social categorization, social inference. (Formerly 3750:650)
  
PSYC 660  Science and Ethics of Industrial Psychology  (4 Units)  
Survey of Industrial Psychology including coverage of selection and performance management. Also, discusses professional and scientific guidelines regarding the ethics of Industrial Psychology. (Formerly 3750:660)
  
PSYC 672  Counseling Practicum  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of instructor. Introduction to and development of therapeutic skills and intervention techniques via instruction, role play exercises, and case conference evaluations of actual clinical work samples. (May be repeated for a total of 8 credits.) Credit/Noncredit. (Formerly 3750:672)
  
PSYC 673  Counseling Practicum Lab  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: Graduate standing in psychology and instructor's permission. Corequisite: PSYC 672. Application of therapeutic skills and intervention techniques to work with clients in the Psychology Department Counseling Clinic, including small group supervision of clinical work. (May be repeated for a total of 8 credits.) Credit/Noncredit. (Formerly 3750:673)
  
PSYC 674  Personnel Practicum  (1-4 Units)  
(May be repeated.) Prerequisites: PSYC 660, graduate standing in psychology, 14 credits of graduate psychology, and permission of the instructor. Supervised field experience in industrial/organizational psychology in settings including business, government or social organizations. The field experience requires the application of industrial/organizational psychological theories and techniques. Credit/Noncredit. (Formerly 3750:674)
  
PSYC 675  Applied Cognitive Aging Practicum  (1-4 Units)  
(May be repeated.) Prerequisites: PSYC 727, graduate standing in psychology, 14 credits of graduate psychology and permission of the instructor. Supervised field experience in applied cognitive aging psychology to provide the student with the opportunity to apply skills and knowledge acquired in the academic setting and to obtain knowledge about community programs and agencies which focus on developmental processes. Credit/Noncredit. (Formerly 3750:675)
  
PSYC 680  External Special Topics  (1-4 Units)  
(May be repeated for a maximum of 16 credits.) Prerequisite: permission of area chair. Graduate coursework taken at Kent State, Youngstown State, and/or Cleveland State universities to apply toward a UA degree either as a required or an elective course. (Formerly 3750:680)
  
PSYC 699  Master's Thesis  (1-4 Units)  
(May be repeated.) Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Research analysis of data and preparation of thesis for master's degree. (Formerly 3750:699)
  
PSYC 701  Psychodiagnostics  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: PSYC 700. Application of psychological testing to problems of diagnosis and evaluation. Practical experience in administration, scoring and interpretation. Integration of projective data with other assessment techniques in variety of settings. (Formerly 3750:701)
  
PSYC 702  Applications of Quantitative Methods  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC:601 and PSYC:602 or instructor permission. This course is designed to teach the application of a variety of quantitative methods to data sets, as well as how to read and report quantitative methods.
  
PSYC 707  Supervision in Counseling Psychology I  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Doctoral standing or permission of instructor. Instruction and experience in supervising a graduate student in counseling. (Formerly 3750:707)
  
PSYC 709  Introduction to Counseling Psychology  (2 Units)  
Prerequisite: Graduate standing in the Collaborative Program in Counseling Psychology. Introduction to historical foundations of and recent developments in counseling psychology, with an emphasis on contemporary research literature in the field. (Formerly 3750:709)
  
PSYC 710  Theories of Counseling & Psychotherapy  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: PSYC 630. Major systems of individual psychotherapy explored within a philosophy of science framework: Freudian, behavioral, Rogerian, cognitive, and other. Includes research, contemporary problems and ethics. (Formerly 3750:710)
  
PSYC 711  Vocational Behavior  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: PSYC 630. Theories and research on vocational behavior and vocational counseling. Topics include major theories of vocational behavior, empirical research on these theories, applied work in vocational counseling and applied research. (Formerly 3750:711)
  
PSYC 712  Principles & Practice of Individual Intelligence Testing  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: PSYC 630 or graduate standing in school psychology, and instructor's permission. History, principles and methodology of intelligence testing, supervised practice in administration, scoring and interpretation of individual intelligence tests for children and adults. (Formerly 3750:712)
  
PSYC 713  Professional, Ethical & Legal Issues in Counseling Psychology  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Doctoral standing or permission of the instructor. Examination of major issues in the field such as the counselor as a professional and as a person, and issues, problems and trends in counseling. (Formerly 3750:713)
  
PSYC 714  Objective Personality Evaluation  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: [PSYC 630 or PSYC 500], PSYC 520, and COUN 645. Study of the development, administration, and interpretation of objective instruments for personality assessment (MMPI, CPI, MBTI, 16PF and selected additional inventories). (Formerly 3750:714)
  
PSYC 715  Research Design in Counseling I  (3 Units)  
Prerequisite: Doctoral standing or permission of the instructor. Study of research designs, evaluation procedures, and review of current research. (Formerly 3750:715)
  
PSYC 717  Issues of Diversity in Counseling Psychology  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC 630; one semester of practicum work. Critical examination and application of research and theory in counseling diverse populations, focusing on race/ethnicity, sex/gender, sexual orientation, age, disability, and spirituality. (Formerly 3750:717)
  
PSYC 718  History & Systems in Psychology  (2 Units)  
Prerequisite: PSYC 630. Philosophical and scientific antecedents of psychology and details of the development of systematic viewpoints in the 19th and 20th centuries. (Formerly 3750:718)
  
PSYC 727  Psychology of Adulthood & Aging  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology or in the collaborative program in counseling psychology, or permission of the instructor. Aspects of development, aging with emphasis on life-span methodology and research design. Age-related changes in intelligence, personality, sensation, perception, learning, memory, socialization, and intervention approaches. (Formerly 3750:727)
  
PSYC 728  Social and Emotional Development Across the Lifespan  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: Graduate standing in psychology or permission of the instructor. An advanced course that introduces students to current theoretical perspectives and empirical findings regarding social and emotional development in adulthood. (Formerly 3750:728)
  
PSYC 729  Brain and Behavior in Adulthood  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Permission of the department. This course focuses on principles of psychological and neuropsychological assessment in adulthood and later life including the assessment of memory processes, attention, executive functioning, language processes, and intelligence. (Formerly 3750:729)
  
PSYC 730  Health Psychology in Later Life  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Permission of department. This course will introduce you to the theoretical and methodological issues of Health Psychology in Later Life, as well as allow for discussion of important psychological phenomena relating to the study and understanding of health-related issues within the framework of lifespan development and aging. (Formerly 3750:730)
  
PSYC 731  Sensorimotor Processes in Adulthood  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Permission of department. Overview of theory, methods, and data on sensory and motor processes and how aging affects these phenomena. (Formerly 3750:731)
  
PSYC 732  Cognitive Aging  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Permission of department. Survey of selected topics in cognitive aging including memory, problem-solving, decision-making, and expertise. (Formerly 3750:732)
  
PSYC 733  Mental Health and Aging  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Permission of department. This course will introduce you to the theoretical and methodological issues of Mental Health and Aging as well as allow for discussion of important psychological phenomena relating to the study and understanding of mental health related issues within the framework of lifespan development and aging. (Formerly 3750:733)
  
PSYC 734  Diversity Across the Lifespan  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Permission of department. The purpose of this course is to understand the diversity of aging. Although the broad framework for the course is lifespan development, there will be a strong emphasis on more specific identities in which older adults belong and the ways in which those identities impact aging. The main objective of this course is for the student to not only value the study of diversity, but to be able to incorporate diversity into his/her own research. (Formerly 3750:734)
  
PSYC 736  Psychopharmacology & Adulthood  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: PSYC 640. Psychopharmacology addresses a diverse range of drugs that act in the brain. Drug mechanisms are discussed in the context of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral effects. (Formerly 3750:736)
  
PSYC 740  Industrial Gerontology  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC 660, graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor. Study of age-related issues in work involving adult and older adult workers. Topics include personnel selection, training, motivating and appraising older employees; health and safety; job design, vocational guidance; and retirement. (Formerly 3750:740)
  
PSYC 750  Advanced Psychological Tests & Measurements  (2 Units)  
Prerequisites: Graduate standing in psychology or in the collaborative program in counseling psychology, or permission of the instructor. Analysis of test construction techniques. Statistical analyses of tests with review of published tests and measurements used in psychology. Study of psychometric theory and principles. (Formerly 3750:750)
  
PSYC 751  Organizational Psychology  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC 660, graduate standing in psychology, or permission of the instructor. Applies the general systems theory framework to the study of the relationships between organizational characteristics and human behavior, the internal processes of organizations, and the relationships between organizations and their environment. (Formerly 3750:751)
  
PSYC 752  Personnel Selection and Advanced Applied Testing Issues  (4 Units)  
Review of strategies employed by industrial/organizational psychologists for personnel selection, placement and promotion. Includes discussion of advanced testing issues. (Formerly 3750:752)
  
PSYC 753  Training  (2 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC 660, graduate standing in psychology, or permission of the instructor. Review of industrial training methods and programs in terms of various theoretical orientations, as well as consideration of techniques to evaluate these programs. (Formerly 3750:753)
  
PSYC 754  Research Methods in Psychology  (2-4 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC 660, graduate standing in psychology or permission of instructor. Scientific method and its specific application to psychology. Topics include data collection, validity, reliability, use of general linear model and its alternatives and power analysis. (Formerly 3750:754)
  
PSYC 755  Computer Applications in Psychological Research  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology or permission of instructor. Practicum in application of computers to psychological research including data collection, analysis and interpretation. Also covers computer simulation of decision making including use of different models. (Formerly 3750:755)
  
PSYC 756  Role of Attitudes & Values in Industrial/Organizational Psychology  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC 660, graduate standing in psychology, or permission of the instructor. Consideration of the role of attitudes and values in the prediction of behavior including consumer psychology, explaining attitude changes, measurement of attitudes and the use of survey methodology. (Formerly 3750:756)
  
PSYC 757  Organizational Motivation & Leadership  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC 660, graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor. Survey of theories of motivation specifying both the intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of worker motivation. The leadership process and its relation to motivation, group performance and attributions are also analyzed. (Formerly 3750:757)
  
PSYC 759  Job Evaluation & Equal Pay  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: PSYC 660. Major job evaluation systems will be reviewed and critiqued. Issues such as minimum qualifications for a job will be reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of various job evaluation systems will be compared. Issues concerning federal regulation including the Equal Pay Act, comparable worth and other issues will be discussed. Regression approaches to job evaluation and applicable court cases will be reviewed. (Formerly 3750:759)
  
PSYC 760  Organizational Change & Transformation  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC 660 or permission of instructor. Survey of theories and introduction to practical methods of organizational change and transformation used to increase organizational effectiveness and improve employee quality of work life. (Formerly 3750:760)
  
PSYC 761  Information Processing & Industrial/Organizational Psychology  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: PSYC 660. Coverage of current theories in cognitive psychology is applied to traditional concerns of industrial/organizational psychology such as performance appraisal or motivation. (Formerly 3750:761)
  
PSYC 762  Personnel Psychology & the Law  (4 Units)  
Prerequisite: PSYC 660. Issues in personnel psychology which have legal implications are reviewed. The impact of recent court decisions are evaluated in staffing and compensation. (Formerly 3750:762)
  
PSYC 763  Performance Feedback and Evaluation  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC 660, graduate standing in psychology, or permission of instructor. Examines current research and practice in the area of performance appraisal. Topics will include: criterion development, rater training, appraisal effectiveness, feedback processes, and performance measurement. (Formerly 3750:763)
  
PSYC 777  Psychopathology  (4 Units)  
Prerequisites: PSYC 709, PSYC 630, and PSYC 713. This course sets out to understand mental conditions in terms of their historic roots and current nomenclature used to identify, diagnose, and treat psychopathology ranging from transient maladjustments to sever psychoses. (Formerly 3750:777)
  
PSYC 780  Graduate Seminar in Psychology  (1-4 Units)  

(May be repeated.) Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. Special topics in psychology. (Formerly 3750:780)

  
PSYC 780-1  Life Span Gender Development  (1-4 Units)  

Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. This course will introduce students to the study of gender across the lifespan. The course will address gender and gender identity development from biological, cognitive and social perspectives with an emphasis on the role of socialization of gender. Although the literature on sex differences will be critically examined, this class will adopt a non-binary approach and emphasize an intersectional approach to discussing gender and gender development.

  
PSYC 780-10  Professional Development  (1-4 Units)  

Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. This course offers opportunities for professional development specifically tailored to the field of I/O psychology. In this course we will cover a broad range of topics focused on topics ranging from strategies for navigating graduate school to topics focused on engaging with I/O psychology as a scientistic and practitioner.

  
PSYC 780-2  Oppression & Social Liberates  (1-4 Units)  

Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. Course will examine issues of diversity at both the microsocial (i.e., intrapersonal and interpersonal) and macrosocial (i.e., institutional or societal) levels to demonstrate how diversity in this society are not only individual and personal, but also collective and social. Key to understanding issues of diversity is a foundation in the dynamics of systems of oppression. By focusing on our examination of systems of oppression, social roles, stigma, and liberation, we will examine oppression to emphasize the pervasive nature of social inequity woven throughout social institutions [and} embedded within individual consciousness" (Adams, Bell, & Griffin, 1997, p.4). By engaging issues of social inequality, we will examine our personal and professional roles in the promotion of social justice.

  
PSYC 780-3  Training Psychology  (1-4 Units)  

Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. This course is an applied, research-based course which challenges prior conceptions of what matters in organizational learning. Using the scientist-practitioner perspective, typical models of instructional design, broad theoretical approaches & strategies to organizational learning, and psychological theory and principals relevant to learning will be covered to develop research skills and application of psychological research

  
PSYC 780-4  Multicultural Counseling  (1-4 Units)  

Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. This course is designed to provide a basic framework to help students understand the cultural context within which humans develop, focusing on culture, race, and ethnicity. Specifically, we will explore the key concepts in cross-cultural psychology such as world-view, identity development, prejudice, stereotypes, and acculturation. Students will increase their self-understanding and how to counsel clients who are culturally different trough readings, class discussions, and in-class exercises.

  
PSYC 780-5  Multivariate & Computer Methods Psychology  (1-4 Units)  

Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. Course will examine the traditional multivariate tools in order to determine which procedures are appropriate given question and data constraints in order to accurately interpret output. Students will be required to incorporate advanced techniques into research designs and write high quality results sections to handle complex issues.

  
PSYC 780-6  Leadership, Coaching, and Development  (1-4 Units)  

Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. This graduate-level seminar will examine various theories of leadership and the empirical work supporting them. In addition, the course will provide a survey of managerial/executive coaching including both theoretical models and practical approaches. Finally, employee development, which is critical to effective organizations and which stems directly from both leadership and coaching behaviors, will be examined.

  
PSYC 780-7  Teaching of Psychology  (1-4 Units)  

Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. Designed to prepare participants for their new role as teachers and teaching assistants. Through observation, readings, discussion, practice, and reflection, participants will gain knowledge and skills including an understanding of how people learn, effective teaching skills including presentation skills and facilitating active learning, appreciating and supporting diversity , equity, and inclusivity in teaching, building classroom climate and rapport, appreciating and attending to ethical issues in teaching, introduction to Psychology course policies and procedures, and TA benefits and responsibilities. Course is an applied, yet research-based to challenge prior conceptions of what matters in teaching and challenging perceptions of learning.

  
PSYC 780-8  Structural Equation Modeling  (1-4 Units)  

Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. This course serves as a hands-on introduction to advanced statistical analyses roughly falling under the general umbrella term of structural equation modeling (SEM), which generally focuses on modeling relationships among variables. Course topics include regression, path analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural regression analysis. This course will emphasize Mplus and will use the software at regular intervals to illustrate each technique through demonstrations and assignments.

  
PSYC 780-9  Biological Bases  (1-4 Units)  

Prerequisite: Graduate standing in psychology and permission of the instructor. Introduction to neurophysiology, neuroanatomical structures, and integrated systems, emphasizing mechanisms of cognition, emotion, and behavior for Counseling Psychology program. The focus is to help students understand the relationship between the nervous system and human behavior, with particular attention to matters of clinical importance (dementia, disorders of consciousness, neurodegenerative conditions, normative/healthy aging). There are no prerequisites for the course, and all content is introduced from a fundamental level.

  
PSYC 795  Advanced Counseling Practicum  (2 Units)  
(May be repeated.) Prerequisites: PSYC 672, PSYC 673 and permission of instructor. This course provides graduate students in counseling with actual client contacts and supervisory experiences under faculty supervision. Credit/Noncredit. (Formerly 3750:795)
  
PSYC 796  Counseling Psychology Practicum  (2 Units)  

(May be repeated.) Prerequisite: PSYC 795 (four hours). Advanced counseling psychology students will have supervised training with clients in a variety of settings and will focus on supervised development of specialized theoretical applications. Credit/Noncredit. (Formerly 3750:796)

  
PSYC 797  Independent Reading and/or Research: Psychology  (1-3 Units)  
(May be repeated.) Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Individual readings and/or research on a topic under supervision of faculty member with whom specific arrangements have been made. (Formerly 3750:797)
  
PSYC 797-1  Practicum  (1-3 Units)  

Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Advanced counseling psychology students will have supervised training with clients in a variety of settings and will focus on supervised development of specialized theoretical applications.

  
PSYC 797-2  Supplemental Practicum  (1-3 Units)  

Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. This course is associated with supervised training with clients in a variety of settings and will focus on supervised development of specialized clinical tasks. Instructor permission required.

  
PSYC 797-3  Applied Supervision Experience  (1-3 Units)  

Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Supervised training which will focus on development of specialized applications.

  
PSYC 797-4  Internship Counseling Psychology  (1-3 Units)  

Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Course is for field placement at an APA accredited site for full time, 40 hours per week (total of 2000 hours). Approval needed from internship coordinator for placement.

  
PSYC 899  Doctoral Dissertation  (1-12 Units)  
Prerequisite: Open to properly qualified students. Required minimum 12 credits; maximum subject to departmental approval. Supervised research on topic deemed suitable by the dissertation committee. (Formerly 3750:899)